Breathing Apparatus Detection and Purging

ABSTRACT

Described are methods for safer nitric oxide delivery, as well as apparatuses for performing these methods. The methods may include detecting the presence or absence of a nasal cannula, and stopping the delivery of nitric oxide or providing an alert if the cannula is disconnected. The methods may also include purging the nasal cannula if it is reconnected after a disconnection or if it is replaced by a new cannula. Other methods pertain to automatic purging of the delivery conduit if the elapsed time between successive deliveries of therapeutic gas exceeds a predetermined period of time.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to the field ofnitric oxide administration, particularly to methods and apparatuses fordetecting and purging nasal cannulas and other breathing apparatuses.

BACKGROUND

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that, when inhaled, acts to dilate bloodvessels in the lungs, improving oxygenation of the blood and reducingpulmonary hypertension. Because of this, nitric oxide is provided as atherapeutic gas in the inspiratory breathing gases for patients withpulmonary hypertension.

However, as NO reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), NO₂can be formed when air is present in the NO delivery conduit. NO₂ is atoxic gas which may cause numerous side effects, and the OccupationalSafety & Health Administration (OSHA) provides that the permissibleexposure limit for general industry is only 5 ppm. Thus, it is desirableto limit exposure to NO₂ during NO therapy.

One method of administering NO is through the delivery of a small pulseof a NO-containing gas through a nasal cannula or other conduit.However, the time between successive pulses of therapeutic gas canprovide an opportunity for NO and oxygen in the conduit to react to formNO₂.

Furthermore, nasal cannulas for portable NO delivery devices may bedisconnected intentionally or inadvertently during administration of NOtherapy. Such disconnections interrupt therapy and may introduce airinto the nasal cannula, which may lead to NO₂ formation.

Accordingly, there is a need for new methods and apparatuses forpreventing formation of NO₂ in the delivery conduit of a nitric oxidedelivery apparatus.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the current invention is directed to a method ofadministering therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide, the methodcomprising detecting the presence or absence of a nasal or oralbreathing apparatus at a connection port of a nitric oxide deliveryapparatus, and flowing therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide to thebreathing apparatus if the breathing apparatus is determined to beconnected to the apparatus and not flowing therapeutic gas containingnitric oxide if the breathing apparatus is determined not to beconnected to the apparatus.

According to one or more embodiments of this aspect, an alert isprovided if the breathing apparatus is determined not to be connected tothe apparatus. The alert may be one or more of an audible alert, avisual alert and a text alert.

In some embodiments, the breathing apparatus is purged when it is firstconnected, or if it is reconnected after a disconnection. Thus, in someembodiments, the breathing apparatus is purged if the breathingapparatus is determined to be connected to the apparatus after thebreathing apparatus is determined not to be connected to the apparatus.The breathing apparatus is purged automatically without patientintervention. In one or more embodiments, the breathing apparatus ispurged during patient expiration.

One or more embodiments provide that the breathing apparatus is purgedprior to administering the therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide.

In one or more embodiments, detecting the presence or absence of abreathing apparatus comprises sending and receiving signals from theconnection port and the breathing apparatus.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to a method of administeringtherapeutic gas containing nitric oxide, the method comprising: sensinginspiration of a patient, delivering a pulse of therapeutic gascontaining nitric oxide to the patient through a valve along a conduit,repeating the delivering a pulse of therapeutic gas to providesuccessive deliveries, measuring elapsed times between the successivedeliveries of therapeutic gas to the patient, determining that anelapsed time between successive deliveries of therapeutic gas exceeds apredetermined period of time, sensing expiration of the patient andpurging the conduit during patient expiration. The elapsed time may bereset when the conduit is purged.

In embodiments of this aspect, purging the conduit comprises opening thevalve to deliver a pulse of therapeutic gas during patient expiration.

According to some embodiments, one or more patient breaths are detectedbetween successive deliveries of therapeutic gas.

The predetermined time may be in multiple formats, such as a fixed timeperiod or a number of breaths. In some embodiments, the predeterminedtime is in the range from 5 seconds to 15 seconds. In other embodiments,the predetermined time is in the range from 1 to 10 breaths.

In some embodiments, the conduit comprises a nasal cannula.

Another embodiment provides a nitric oxide delivery apparatus. Inembodiments of this aspect, the nitric oxide delivery apparatuscomprises a source of therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide, a conduitin fluid communication with the source of therapeutic gas that providestherapeutic gas to a patient, a valve disposed along the conduit thatregulates the flow of therapeutic gas through the conduit to thepatient, a sensor that detects inspiration and/or expiration of thepatient, a timer, and a control system. The control system may be incommunication with the timer and the valve, and initiates purging of theconduit during patient expiration when an elapsed time betweensuccessive openings of the valve exceeds a predetermined period of time.

In some embodiments, the control system further comprises a CPU and acomputer-readable medium having stored thereon a set ofmachine-executable instructions that, when executed by the CPU, causethe apparatus to perform a method comprising: detecting inspiration ofthe patient; opening the valve to deliver a pulse of therapeutic gasthrough a conduit to the patient during inspiration; measuring elapsedtimes between successive valve openings; determining that an elapsedtime between successive valve openings exceeds a predetermined period oftime; detecting expiration of the patient; and purging the conduitduring patient expiration. Purging the conduit may comprise opening thevalve to deliver a pulse of therapeutic gas during patient expiration.Furthermore, one or more patient breaths may be detected betweensuccessive valve openings.

The predetermined time may be in multiple formats, such as a fixed timeperiod or a number of breaths. In some embodiments, the predeterminedtime is in the range from 5 seconds to 15 seconds. In other embodiments,the predetermined time is in the range from 1 to 10 breaths.

In some embodiments of this aspect, the conduit comprises a nasalcannula.

Various embodiments are listed above and will be described in moredetail below. It will be understood that the embodiments listed may becombined not only as listed below, but in other suitable combinations inaccordance with the scope of the invention.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly certain features and technicaladvantages of the present invention. It should be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that the specific embodiments disclosed may bereadily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structuresor processes within the scope present invention. It should also berealized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructionsdo not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth inthe appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above recited features of the presentinvention can be understood in detail, a more particular description ofthe invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference toembodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Itis to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate onlytypical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to beconsidered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to otherequally effective embodiments.

FIG. 1 illustrates a nitric oxide delivery apparatus in accordance withone or more embodiments; and

FIG. 2 illustrates a nitric oxide delivery apparatus in accordance withone or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before describing several exemplary embodiments of the invention, it isto be understood that the invention is not limited to the details ofconstruction or process steps set forth in the following description.The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced orbeing carried out in various ways.

Provided are methods and apparatuses for administering nitric oxide to apatient, which help prevent the formation of NO₂ and the inadvertentadministration of NO₂ to the patient. One aspect of the currentinvention pertains to a method that comprises providing a valveintermediate a source of therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide and apatient, sensing inspiration of the patient, and opening the valve todeliver a pulse of therapeutic gas through a conduit to the patientduring inspiration. In order to prevent NO₂ formation, the elapsed timebetween successive pulsed deliveries of therapeutic gas to the patientis measured and compared to a predetermined time, which may be relatedto the rate of NO₂ formation. If the elapsed time between successivedeliveries of therapeutic gas exceeds this predetermined period of time,then the conduit is purged. According to one or more embodiments of thismethod, the conduit is purged during patient expiration so that the NO₂is not administered to the patient.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary nitric oxide delivery apparatus 100 forcarrying out certain embodiments of the nitric oxide administrationmethod. A source of therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide may includegas storage cylinder 103. Exemplary cylinders may contain NO in acarrier gas such as nitrogen, with a NO concentration ranging from 1 ppmto 20,000 ppm, such as from 5 ppm to 10,000 ppm, or from 10 ppm to 5,000ppm. According to one or more embodiments, the cylinder concentration isin the range from 100 ppm to 8,000 ppm. In some embodiments, thecylinder concentration is in the range from 100 ppm to 4,500 ppm, suchas from 200 ppm to 4,200 ppm, or 500 ppm to 4,000 ppm, or 800 ppm to3,800 ppm, or 1,000 ppm to 3,600 ppm, or 1,200 ppm to 3,400 ppm, or1,400 ppm to 3,200 ppm, or 1,600 ppm to 3,000 ppm, or 1,800 ppm, to2,800 ppm, or 2,000 ppm to 2,600 ppm, or 2,200 ppm to 2,500 ppm, In someembodiments, the cylinder concentration is in the range from 100 ppm to10,000 ppm, such as from 500 ppm to 9,000 ppm, or 1,000 ppm to 8,000ppm, or 2,000 ppm to 7,000 ppm, or 3,500 ppm to 6,000 ppm, or 4,000 ppm,to 5,500 ppm, or 4,400 ppm to 5,200 ppm, or 4,600 ppm to 5,000 ppm, Inone or more embodiments, the cylinder concentration is about 2440 ppm orabout 4880 ppm.

Gas storage cylinder 103 is in fluid communication with conduit 105,which carries the therapeutic gas from gas storage cylinder 103 to thepatient. The conduit 105 may comprise a nasal cannula or other nasal ororal breathing apparatus 111 for delivering the therapeutic gas to thepatient. In addition, conduit 105 may comprise a gas hose or tubingsection, a pressure regulator, and a delivery manifold, etc. Althoughspecific reference is made to nasal cannulas, other types of nasal ororal breathing apparatuses may be used, such as breathing masks. One ormore control valves 107 regulate the flow of therapeutic gas through theconduit 105 to the patient. A passageway 110 is in fluid communicationwith the conduit 105 which connects a patient trigger sensor 109 to theconduit 105. The signal from the patient trigger sensor 109 may befurther processed via hardware and/or software logic by CPU 115, anddetects when a patient begins inspiration or expiration, and may providethat information to a control system. In this description, patienttrigger sensor 109 refers to the patient trigger sensor and any logicprocessing algorithms which may be incorporated into the system. In someembodiments, the patient trigger sensor 109 may be used to determine thepatient's inspiration by detecting a negative pressure caused by thepatient's breathing effort. Similarly, the patient trigger sensor 109may detect the patient's expiration by detecting a positive pressurecaused by the patient. Alternatively, the patient trigger sensor 109 maybe a flow sensor that measures the flow through conduit 105.

The control system may comprise one or more central processing unit(s)(CPU) 115 in communication with control valve 107 and the patienttrigger sensor 109. When the patient trigger sensor 109 determines thata patient is beginning inspiration, the CPU 115 sends a signal to thecontrol valve 107 to open the control valve 107 to deliver a pulse oftherapeutic gas. Control valve 107 is only open for a certain period oftime, and the length of the time period, as well as the amount which thecontrol valve 107 opens, will determine the volume of the pulse oftherapeutic gas. For example, when control valve 107 is open for alonger period of time, the amount of therapeutic gas in the pulseincreases. In certain embodiments, the pulse size may vary from onepulse to the next so that the total amount of therapeutic gasadministered over a given time interval is constant, even though apatient's breathing rate may change during this interval. Multiplevalves may also be used to deliver the pulse at various flow rates.Alternatively, a proportional valve may be used which allows variablecontrol of flow rate.

However, the time period between successive pulses of therapeutic gasmay allow NO₂ to form in the conduit 105 or the nasal cannula 111. Forexample, the therapeutic gas may not be pulsed for a certain period oftime because patient trigger sensor 109 may not detect a breath, or abreath may be skipped due to an intermittent pulse dosing regimen.Alternatively, a breath may be skipped because the amount to bedelivered on a particular breath is lower than a minimum thresholdamount that the apparatus can deliver.

To prevent NO₂ formation between successive pulses of therapeutic gas,the apparatus may include a timer 113, which may be integrated into theCPU 115, that measures the time elapsed between successive openings ofthe control valve 107. The control system is in communication with thetimer 113 and determines when the elapsed time exceeds a predeterminedtime. This predetermined time may be calculated based on theconcentration of NO, the expected amount of air in the conduit 105 orthe nasal cannula 111, and the maximum allowable NO₂ concentration.According to one or more embodiments, the predetermined time is in therange from 2 seconds to 20 seconds. In some embodiments, thepredetermined time is in the range from 5 seconds to 15 seconds.

In some embodiments, one or more patient breaths are detected betweensuccessive pulses. In these embodiments, administration during one ormore patient breaths is skipped. This may be for a variety of reasons,such as the device being configured not to dose on every breath as partof an intermittent pulsing regimen, or the dose being set low enoughthat the amount to be delivered during a particular breath is insteadadded to the dose delivered during one or more subsequent breaths.

In one or more embodiments, the predetermined time is specified as anumber of breaths. For example, if the predetermined period of time isone breath, then the device may be purged every breath that NO is notdelivered to the patient. The purging may also occur during breaths onwhich NO is delivered, such as during expiration after the pulsed NOdose is delivered to the patient. In one or more embodiments, thepredetermined time is in the range from 1 to 10 breaths. According tosome embodiments, the predetermined time is in the range from 1 to 5breaths. Some embodiments provide that the predetermined time is in therange from 1 to 3 breaths. Other embodiments provide that thepredetermined time is in the range from 2 to 5 breaths.

When the control system determines that the elapsed time exceeds thepredetermined time, the control system purges the conduit 105 and/or thenasal cannula 111. According to one or more embodiments, the conduitand/or nasal cannula is purged during expiration so that the purged gasis directed away from the patient. Thus, the control system may waituntil the patient trigger 109 detects patient expiration before purging.In some embodiments, purging the conduit 105 and/or the nasal cannula111 comprises opening the control valve 107 to deliver a pulse oftherapeutic gas during patient expiration. In some embodiments, thepulse of gas may be very small—only enough volume to purge the cannulanares, or large enough to purge the entire cannula—filling it with freshtherapy gas. In other embodiments, a separate purge system is used topurge the conduit 105 and/or the nasal cannula 111. A valve mounted onthe conduit upstream of the nasal cannula may be used to purge theconduit independently of the cannula. Once the conduit 105 and/or thenasal cannula 111 has been purged, the timer may be reset.

The CPU 115 may be in communication with a user input device 117. Thisuser input device 117 can receive desired settings from the user, suchas the patient's prescription in mg/kg/hr or mg/kg/breath, patient'sage, height, sex, weight, etc.

The CPU 115 may also be in communication with a flow sensor (not shown),which would measure the flow of therapeutic gas through control valve107. The CPU 115 can be coupled to a memory (not shown) and may be oneor more of readily available memory such as random access memory (RAM),read only memory (ROM), flash memory, compact disc, floppy disk, harddisk, or any other form of local or remote digital storage. Supportcircuits (not shown) can be coupled to the CPU 115 to support the CPU115, sensors, control valves, etc. in a conventional manner. Thesecircuits include cache, power supplies, clock circuits, input/outputcircuitry, subsystems, power controllers, signal conditioners, and thelike.

The memory may store a set of machine-executable instructions (oralgorithms) for calculating the desired volume of the gas pulse and thepulsing schedule to achieve a particular patient prescription. Forexample, if the patient's breathing rate and the cylinder concentrationare known, then the CPU 115 can calculate how much volume of therapeuticgas needs to be administered each breath or set of breaths to providethe desired dosage of nitric oxide. The memory may also record the timethat the control valve 107 is open during each pulse, so that futurecalculations can take into account how much nitric oxide has previouslybeen administered.

In some embodiments, the set of machine-executable instructions (oralgorithms), when executed by the CPU 115, cause the apparatus toperform a method comprising detecting inspiration of the patient,opening the valve to deliver a pulse of therapeutic gas through aconduit to the patient during inspiration, timing elapsed times betweensuccessive valve openings, determining that an elapsed time betweensuccessive valve openings exceeds a predetermined period of time,detecting expiration of the patient, and purging the conduit duringpatient expiration. The machine-executable instructions may alsocomprise instructions for any of the other methods described herein.

Another aspect of the current invention provides a method ofadministering therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide, the methodcomprising determining whether a nasal or oral breathing apparatus isconnected to a nitric oxide delivery apparatus and administeringtherapeutic gas containing nitric oxide to a patient if the breathingapparatus is determined to be connected to the apparatus and notadministering therapeutic gas if the breathing apparatus is determinednot to be connected to the apparatus. As used herein, a breathingapparatus refers to a nasal or oral apparatus for delivering breathinggas or therapeutic gas directly to a patient, such as a nasal cannula orbreathing mask.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary nitric oxide delivery apparatus 200 forcarrying out certain embodiments of this aspect. According to one ormore embodiments, an apparatus for performing this method may have anyof the features described for the first aspect. In one or moreembodiments, the control system of the nitric oxide delivery apparatusmay determine whether a breathing apparatus 111 is connected to theapparatus. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the breathing apparatus isa nasal cannula. In some embodiments, the control system determineswhether a nasal cannula 111 is connected to the apparatus by detectingthe presence or absence of the nasal cannula 111 at a connection port ofthe apparatus. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, a sensor 121 at or nearthe connection port may be used to detect the presence or absence of thenasal cannula 111. The sensor 121 then sends a signal to the CPU 115indicating whether the nasal cannula 111 is connected to the apparatus.

This detection may be performed in a variety of ways, such as by shortrange radio frequency identification (RFID), a light source/photodiodearrangement, strain gauge, or a proximity sensor, bar code, or a switch(of various types) which state changes when the cannula is present.Alternatively, the nitric oxide delivery apparatus may determine that anasal cannula is connected by sensing an increase in back-pressure of apurge delivered through the cannula when the cannula is connected. Thesensor 121 may send and receive signals from the nasal cannula 111. IfRFID is used, the sensor 121 may be a RFID reader and the nasal cannulamay have a RFID device 119 that transmits a radio frequency from theRFID device 119 to the RFID reader 121.

When the nasal cannula 111 is determined to be connected to theapparatus, then the apparatus may administer the therapeutic gascontaining nitric oxide to the patient. When the nasal cannula 111 isdetermined not to be connected to the apparatus, the apparatus mayprevent the administration of therapeutic gas. Thus, an intentional orinadvertent disconnection of the nasal cannula 111 may stop the deliveryof therapeutic gas through the conduit 105.

If the nasal cannula 111 is not connected, the apparatus may provide analert to a user of the apparatus, such as the patient or medicalpersonnel. An alert may also be provided if a nasal cannula is partiallyor incorrectly attached to the apparatus, or if there is a leak at theapparatus/cannula connection. In some embodiments, the alert includesone or more of an audible alert, a visual alert and a text alert. Thealerts may be provided directly at the apparatus, or may be provided toa remote location, such as to a cellular phone, computer, or otherremote device.

If the nasal cannula 111 is reconnected after a disconnection, or if thenasal cannula 111 is replaced, it may be necessary to purge the nasalcannula 111 to prevent the formation of NO₂ or remove any NO₂ thatformed during the disconnection, or to fill a new cannula containing airwith therapy gas. Thus, if the apparatus determines that the nasalcannula 111 is connected after the nasal cannula is determined not to beconnected, then the control system may purge the nasal cannula 111. Thenasal cannula may also be purged at apparatus start-up. Any of thesepurging procedures may be automatic, i.e. without patient intervention.As with the purging described above, in some embodiments, the cannula111 is purged during patient expiration to direct the purged gases awayfrom the patient. According to one or more embodiments, the therapeuticgas is not administered to the patient until after the nasal cannula 111is purged.

The control system may comprise a set of machine-executable instructions(or algorithms), when executed by the CPU 115, cause the apparatus toperform a method comprising determining whether a nasal cannula isconnected to the nitric oxide delivery apparatus by detecting thepresence or absence of the nasal cannula at a connection port of thenitric oxide delivery apparatus, and administering therapeutic gascontaining nitric oxide to the patient if the nasal cannula isdetermined to be connected to the apparatus and not administeringtherapeutic gas containing nitric oxide if the nasal cannula isdetermined not to be connected to the apparatus. According to one ormore embodiments, the machine-executable instructions further compriseinstructions to provide an alert if the nasal cannula is determined notto be connected to the apparatus. In some embodiments, themachine-executable instructions further comprise instructions to purgethe cannula if the cannula is determined to be connected to theapparatus after the cannula is determined not to be connected to theapparatus. The machine-executable instructions may also compriseinstructions for any of the other methods described herein.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “certainembodiments,” “one or more embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that aparticular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment ofthe invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in one ormore embodiments,” “in certain embodiments,” “in one embodiment” or “inan embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are notnecessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention.Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications and variations can be made to the method andapparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present inventioninclude modifications and variations that are within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.

1. A method of administering therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide,the method comprising: detecting the presence or absence of a nasal ororal breathing apparatus at a connection port of a nitric oxide deliveryapparatus, wherein the presence or absence of the breathing apparatus isdetected by one or more of short range radio frequency identification(RFID), a light source/photodiode arrangement, a strain gauge, aproximity sensor and a bar code; flowing therapeutic gas containingnitric oxide to at least one of a nasal cannula and one or more nares ofthe breathing apparatus if the breathing apparatus is determined to beconnected to the nitric oxide delivery apparatus and not flowingtherapeutic gas containing nitric oxide to at least one of the nasalcannula and the one or more nares of the breathing apparatus if thebreathing apparatus is determined not to be connected to the nitricoxide delivery apparatus; and purging at least one of the nasal cannulaand the one or more nares with a purge volume less than a total internalvolume of at least one of the nasal cannula and the one or more nares.2. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing an alert if thebreathing apparatus is determined not to be connected to the nitricoxide delivery apparatus.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the alertincludes one or more of an audible alert, a visual alert and a textalert.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the breathing apparatus ispurged if the breathing apparatus is determined to be connected to thenitric oxide delivery apparatus after the breathing apparatus wasdetermined not to be connected to the nitric oxide delivery apparatus.5. The method of claim 4, wherein the breathing apparatus is purgedautomatically without patient intervention.
 6. The method of claim 4,wherein the breathing apparatus is purged during patient expiration. 7.The method of claim 1, further comprising purging the breathingapparatus prior to administering the therapeutic gas containing nitricoxide.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the presence orabsence of a breathing apparatus comprises sending and receiving signalsfrom the connection port and the breathing apparatus.
 9. A method ofadministering therapeutic gas containing nitric oxide, the methodcomprising: sensing inspiration of a patient; during patientinspiration, delivering a pulse of therapeutic gas containing nitricoxide through a valve along a conduit and nasal cannula and subsequentlythrough one or more nares to the patient; repeating the delivering apulse of the therapeutic gas to provide successive deliveries; measuringelapsed times between the successive deliveries of therapeutic gas tothe patient; determining that an elapsed time between successivedeliveries of therapeutic gas exceeds a predetermined period of time;sensing expiration of the patient; and purging at least one of the nasalcannula and the one or more nares during patient expiration with a purgevolume less than a total internal volume of at least one of the nasalcannula and the one or more nares.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinpurging at least one of the nasal cannula and the one or more narescomprises opening the valve to deliver a pulse of therapeutic gas duringpatient expiration.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein one or morepatient breaths are detected between the successive deliveries oftherapeutic gas.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the elapsed time isreset when at least one of the nasal cannula and the one or more naresis purged.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the predetermined periodof time is in a range from 5 seconds to 15 seconds.
 14. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the predetermined period of time is in a range from 1to 10 breaths.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein the purge volume islarge enough to purge the one or more nares but less than a totalinternal volume of the nasal cannula.
 16. A nitric oxide deliveryapparatus comprising: a source of therapeutic gas containing nitricoxide; a conduit in fluid communication with the source of therapeuticgas that provides a flow of therapeutic gas to a nasal cannula andsubsequently through one or more nares to a patient; a valve disposedalong the conduit that regulates the flow of therapeutic gas through theconduit and the nasal cannula and subsequently through the one or morenares to the patient; a sensor that detects inspiration and/orexpiration of the patient; a timer; and a control system incommunication with the timer and the valve that initiates purging of atleast one of the nasal cannula and the one or more nares during patientexpiration when an elapsed time between successive openings of the valveexceeds a predetermined period of time, wherein at least one of thenasal cannula and the one or more nares is purged with a purge volumeless than a total internal volume of at least one of the nasal cannulaand the one or more nares.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein thecontrol system further comprises a central processing unit (CPU) and acomputer-readable medium having stored thereon a set ofmachine-executable instructions that, when executed by the CPU, causethe apparatus to perform a method comprising: detecting inspiration ofthe patient; opening the valve to deliver a pulse of therapeutic gasthrough a conduit to the patient during inspiration; measuring theelapsed times between successive valve openings; determining that theelapsed time between successive valve openings exceeds a predeterminedperiod of time; detecting expiration of the patient; and purging atleast one of the nasal cannula and the one or more nares during patientexpiration.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein purging at least oneof the nasal cannula and the one or more nares comprises opening thevalve to deliver a pulse of the therapeutic gas during patientexpiration.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein one or more patientbreaths are detected between successive valve openings.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 16, wherein the predetermined period of time is in arange from 5 seconds to 15 seconds.
 21. The method of claim 16, whereinthe predetermined period of time is in a range from 1 to 10 breaths. 22.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the purge volume is large enough topurge the one or more nares but less than a total internal volume of thenasal cannula.